Background and Aim: Children with autism have cognitive dissonances and emotional problems, such as depression, anxiety, learning problems, and mental development problems caused by sleeping DISORDERs. The object of the present review article was to study sleep DISORDERs and their related factors.Material and Methods: The current review article was written to discuss sleep in children with autism according to the latest clinical research. Articles published between 2000 and 2015 were reviewed. We searched for three keywords (sleep, autism, and functional) using Google, ProQuest, PubMed, Science direct, and Google Scholar. Initially, 55 investigations were found meeting the specified criteria. Articles related to sleep DISORDERs, sleep, functional autism, and sleep were selected using a targeted selection approach. During this process, seven articles were selected as the main articles for the review.Results: It was found that sleep in children suffering from autism might be influenced by mental damage, anxiety, and behavioral problems. On the other hand, appropriate physical activity may improve sleep patterns and sleep DISORDERs. Understanding sleep, factors affecting sleep, sleep problems, and their treatments may greatly help in improving sleeping in children with autism.

Background & Aims: Autism is a neurodevelopmental DISORDER with associated cognitive deficits.Some of these deficits such as face recognition deficit have been reported in siblings of children with autism.Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on twenty (6-14 y/o) siblings of children with autism referring to child and adolescence clinic of Roozbeh hospital in Tehran in 2008-2009 and twenty (6- 14y/o) health school students. Psychiatric DISORDERs were diagnosed by a psychiatrist, and K_SADS_PL semi-structure interview in both group. And AUTISTIC spectrum symptoms were gathered and then evaluated by with CARS questioner, IQ scores with Raven's tests, and Benton face recognition test.Results: Results of this study showed that there is no significant difference in face recognition test responses between two groups. But sex and age had a positive correlation with face recognition ability.Conclusion: Deficit in face recognition may be an endophenotype of autism but this study does not demonstrate it.

Background: AUTISTIC DISORDER (AD) is one of the most serious psychiatric DISORDERs in children and adolescents. Identification of relevant risk factors is a main step in disease management. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine probable risk factors for AD. Methods: This case-control study was carried out in the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. By convenience sampling method, 115 children with autism were selected from Rehabilitation Center of Autism Society in Tabriz, Iran. Moreover, 112 children were selected as control. AD was diagnosed based on DSM-IV-TR criteria by a child and adolescent psychiatrist. Results: Asthma, epilepsy, microcephaly, hearing / vision impairments, allergy to milk/wheat, side effects of rubella vaccines, and language DISORDERs in the immediate family members including siblings, parents’ low education and lack of breastfeeding were more prevalent in AD children. Based on the logistic regression results, mothers’ low education [Exp (B) = 4. 59, CI = 2. 13-9. 87, P < 0. 001] and lack of breastfeeding until the age of two [Exp (B) = 2. 91, CI = 1. 54-5. 50, P < 0. 01] were the predictors of AD. Conclusions: Parents’ education and lack of breastfeeding until the age of two could predictADin children. Improving educational system and increasing families’ awareness about benefits of breastfeeding will be valuable.

Autism and autism spectrum DISORDERs (ASDs) such as Rett syndrome and Asperger syndrome are enigmatic and complex neurodevelopmental DISORDERs, thought to have originated in particular interactions of genetic and environmental factors. Despite the extensive research, exact mechanism of pathogenesis is not still completely understood. ASDs are characterized by deficits and abnormalities in communication and social interactions, besides repetitive and stereotypic verbal/nonverbal behaviors. There are no effective drugs for the treatment of these conditions and as the frequency of ASDs in the children has risen over the last decade, further studies will be needed to better address the treatment. In this brief review we discuss the etiology of autism and possible novel approaches for its management in the near future.

the theory and practice of sensory integration were developed in the late 1960s by an occupational therapist and psychologist, Dr. A. Jean Ayres [1]. Also, known as sensory processing, it is “, the neurological process that organizes sensation from one’, s own body and from the environment and makes it possible to use the body effectively within the environment”,[1]...

Stuttering is a complex speech DISORDER. There are two forms of stuttering: developmental stuttering and acquired stuttering. Developmental stuttering is a DISORDER of early childhood but acquired stuttering can develop at any age. Some medications can induce or deteriorate stuttering as an adverse effect. There are several reports of stuttering due to psychotropic drugs. Memantine, a glutamate antagonist used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, has also been studied for the treatment of autism spectrum DISORDERs. This report presents deterioration of stuttering and speech problemin two children with AUTISTIC DISORDER who were receiving memantine. Based on our knowledge, this is the first time these adverse drug reactions have been attributed to memantine. In conclusion clinicians should consider that speech problems including stuttering may be due to the consumption of memantine, especially, in children may be a side effect of memantine especially in children.

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to report associated problems of Poland Syndrome in a patient.Method: A 5 years old son affected to Poland Syndrome was accurately assessed.Results: The results showed the patient had communication, verbal and behavioral problems besides Poland Syndrome. Also, he received attention deficit hyperactivity DISORDER diagnosis and had seizure history. After accurate assessment, AUTISTIC DISORDER was diagnosed and occupational and speech therapy was prescribed besides treating seizure and symptoms of other problems.Conclusion: When a patient is being referred because of hyperactivity, s/he should be accurately evaluated and assessed for other psychiatric problems.

Introduction: Parents problems can not only lead to the occurrence or aggravation of their childrens DISORDERs, but also affect their childrens psychological problems. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare personality DISORDER symptom in parents of children with autism DISORDERs, attention deficit hyperactivity DISORDER (ADHD) and normal control. Method: This is a cross-sectional study. The population of this study included all parents of children with autism and ADHD from Tabriz City in year 2020. 130 parents of children with autism, 170 parents of children with ADHD were selected available sampling method and were mached with 273 parents of normal control. All the clinical assessment of autism, ADHD and comorbidities were conducted by child and adolescent psychiatrists. The severity of personality DISORDER symptom were assessed by Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III). Kruskal-Wallis test using SPSS version 26 software was used for data analysis. Results: According to results of Kruskal-Wallis test, the mean ranking of personality DISORDERs in the three groups respectively were parents of children with autism> parents of children with ADHD> control parents were (p<0. 01). Conclusion: Parents of children with autism suffer from higher vulnerability than symptoms of personality DISORDERs compared to parents of children with ADHD. Additional studies are needed to make clinical interventions in parents appropriate to childrens mental DISORDERs.